{"id":7222,"date":"2018-04-03T17:22:25","date_gmt":"2018-04-03T14:22:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.mequipment.ro\/?p=7222"},"modified":"2025-01-08T17:41:58","modified_gmt":"2025-01-08T15:41:58","slug":"camioane-articulate-inceputuri-si-evolutie-partea-i","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mequipment.ro\/en\/camioane-articulate-inceputuri-si-evolutie-partea-i\/","title":{"rendered":"Camioane articulate. \u00cenceputuri \u0219i evolu\u021bie (Partea I)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Camioanele articulete<\/strong> (sau cu \u0219asiu articulat) sunt deja ma\u0219ini obi\u0219nuite ale \u0219antierelor actuale. \u00cens\u0103 nu au fost dintotdeauna, ba chiar se num\u0103r\u0103 printre cele mai noi categorii de utilaje din sectorul terasierelor. \u0218i de\u0219i istoria lor nu este at\u00e2t de \u00eendep\u0103rtat\u0103, se afl\u0103 printre ma\u0219inile grele de succes ale zilelor noastre. Succes care \u00een urm\u0103 cu peste \u0219ase decenii \u00eenc\u0103 se l\u0103sa a\u0219teptat.<\/em> | Marius Iancu<\/strong><\/p>\n

Camionul articulat (ADT)<\/strong> reprezint\u0103 asocierea tractor-remorc\u0103 \u00eentr-un singur concept. ADT-urile \u00ee\u0219i datoreaz\u0103 popularitatea unor caracteristici de design, precum cadrul articulat, ce ofer\u0103 o manevrabilitate excelent\u0103, \u0219i articula\u021bia oscilant\u0103, ce une\u0219te cele dou\u0103 \u0219asiuri, p\u0103str\u00e2nd ro\u021bile \u00een contact permanent cu solul, reduc\u00e2nd solicit\u0103rile asupra \u0219asiului \u0219i asigur\u00e2nd ma\u0219inii o durat\u0103 de via\u021b\u0103 mai lung\u0103. <\/p>\n

Utilajele articulate de tractare sunt \u00eent\u00e2lnite \u00eenc\u0103 din anii \u02b940<\/strong>, atunci c\u00e2nd tractoarelor concepute pentru a remorca screpere le-au fost ata\u0219ate remorci basculabile. \u00cen America de Nord, dup\u0103 ce LeTourneau a venit cu modelul Tournarocker, produc\u0103tori precum Allis-Chalmers, Caterpillar, International Harvester, Wooldridge \u0219i Euclid au oferit la r\u00e2ndul lor op\u021biuni de transport pentru tractoarele proprii. Toate aceste unit\u0103\u021bi puteau fi numite, oarecum, ma\u0219ini de transport articulate, \u00eens\u0103 nu erau concepute pe acelea\u0219i linii precum camioanele articulate moderne, foarte populare acum \u00een toat\u0103 lumea. De fapt, camioanele articulate au evoluat \u00eentr-o nou\u0103 clas\u0103 de utilaje terasiere, diferit\u0103 de tipul tractor cu screper de atunci, av\u00e2nd un singur scop: transportul materialului excavat pe distan\u021be medii-lungi.<\/p>\n

\"Camioane \u00cencerc\u0103ri timpurii<\/strong>
\nAv\u00e2ndu-\u0219i r\u0103d\u0103cinile undeva \u00een anii \u02b950<\/strong>, \u00een Regatul Unit, camionul articulat de azi a devenit popular pentru clien\u021bii europeni din construc\u021bii \u0219i lucr\u0103ri terasiere c\u0103tre finele anilor \u02b960. \u00cen anii 1950, c\u00e2\u021biva produc\u0103tori au \u00eenceput s\u0103 ofere remorci de transport pentru p\u0103m\u00e2nt cuplate cu tractoare agricole. Ernest Doe a cump\u0103rat dou\u0103 tractoare Fordson, a scos pun\u021bile fa\u021b\u0103 ale fiec\u0103ruia \u0219i a conectat cap\u0103tul din fa\u021b\u0103 al unuia la spatele celuilalt, folosind o platform\u0103 rotativ\u0103 hidraulic\u0103. A ob\u021binut un tractor cu dubl\u0103 ac\u021bionare \u0219i l-a denumit tractor Doe Dual Drive. <\/p>\n

\"\"\u00cens\u0103 prima ma\u0219in\u0103 de transport articulat\u0103, cu dou\u0103 axe, conceput\u0103 ca unitate integral\u0103, a fost construit\u0103 ca prototip \u00een 1957 de c\u0103tre Northfield, \u00een Yorkshire, Anglia, \u0219i a fost introdus\u0103 \u00een 1960<\/strong> sub numele Northfield F7<\/strong>, dup\u0103 un program extins de testare. F7 este considerat precursorul ADT-urilor moderne, putea transporta 10.8 t de material \u0219i avea caracteristici reg\u0103site pe camioanele articulate de azi, inclusiv o articula\u021bie (180 de grade) ac\u021bionat\u0103 de o pereche de cilindri hidraulici. Puterea era dat\u0103 de un motor diesel Ford 6D de 96 hp. Era o configura\u021bie vizionar\u0103 pentru acea vreme, \u00eensa \u00eei lipsea o component\u0103 esen\u021bial\u0103: trac\u021biunea integral\u0103. \u00cen 1964, Northfield a \u00eenlocuit modelul F7 cu mai puternicul F9, de 12,7 t, iar apoi a venit cu modelul F12, o ma\u0219in\u0103 de 18,1 t, propulsat\u0103 de un motor Perkins 6\/354 de 120 hp.<\/p>\n

\"CamioaneTot \u00een anii \u02b960 \u0219i tot \u00een Anglia, Camil \u0219i Whitlock<\/strong> au produs fiecare camioane similare. Ba chiar, \u00een 1963, Whitlock a avut o \u00eencercare \u00eendr\u0103znea\u021b\u0103 de a lansa un camion articulat de 10 t, cu linii moderne pentru acea vreme, echipat cu transmisie hidrostatic\u0103 pe toate cele patru ro\u021bi \u0219i un motor transversal de 105 hp, \u00eens\u0103 pia\u021ba nu era \u00eenc\u0103 preg\u0103tit\u0103 pentru acel design, iar produc\u0103torul din Essex a \u00eentrerupt proiectul. <\/p>\n

\"CamioanePrimul ADT cu adev\u0103rat<\/strong>
\n\u00cen anii \u02b960<\/strong>, ace\u0219ti pionieri ai camionului articulat nu au avut succesul pe care \u00eel a\u0219teptau, cu o excep\u021bie \u00eens\u0103: Lihnell<\/strong>, din Suedia. \u00cen 1959, aceast\u0103 companie a construit o unitate tractor-remorc\u0103 ce avea la baz\u0103 un tractor agricol Bolinder-Munktell<\/strong> \u0219i o remorc\u0103 cu punte motoare, lans\u00e2nd \u00een anii urm\u0103tori diferite versiuni 8×4 \u0219i 6×4 \u00een jurul tractorului agricol cu 4 ro\u021bi. Marea descoperire avea s\u0103 vin\u0103 \u00een 1965, c\u00e2nd Lihnell lansa modelul DR630 \u2013 un camion articulat \u00eentr-o configura\u021bie 4×4 cu tractor monoax. \u00cen acela\u0219i an, Volvo (care de\u021binea marca Bolinder-Munktell \u00eenc\u0103 din 1950) \u00eencheiase un acord de marketing cu Lihnell, al c\u0103rui proiect a dat na\u0219tere viitoarei game de succes de camioane articulate Volvo. Astfel, \u00een 1966, Volvo a lansat iconicul model \u201eGravel Charlie\u201d<\/strong>. \u00cen scurt timp, Volvo a devenit lider de pia\u021b\u0103 mondial cu aceste ma\u0219ini<\/a>, iar eforturile companiei de a populariza acest tip de vehicul la nivel global au stat la baza notoriet\u0103\u021bii actuale a camioanelor articulate. <\/p>\n

C\u0103tre sf\u00e2r\u0219itul anilor \u02b960 \u0219i \u00eenceputul anilor \u02b970, alte c\u00e2teva companii au \u00eenceput s\u0103 experimenteze diferite designuri de ADT-uri. A\u0219a se face c\u0103 \u00een 1970<\/strong>, norvegienii de la Moxy Industries<\/strong> introduc un prototip robust de camion 6×6, cu boghiu pe puntea spate (sub ben\u0103) \u2013 ro\u021bile spate fiind ac\u021bionate de motoare hidraulice, pentru a ob\u021bine trac\u021biunea integral\u0103. Urm\u0103toarea versiune, un camion articulat propulsat de un motor diesel Scania, a fost finalizat\u0103 tot \u00een 1970, iar \u00een \u02b972, Moxy lanseaz\u0103 modelul de 15.4 t Viking D15<\/strong> 6×6 cu boghiu pe puntea spate. Camioanele au fost bine primite de c\u0103tre pia\u021ba \u201eearthmoving\u201d, iar de atunci transmisia 6×6 a devenit standard pe acest tip de ma\u0219ini. \"Camioane
\nCamioanele articulate Moxy au continuat s\u0103 lucreze \u00een toat\u0103 lumea, c\u00e2\u0219tig\u00e2ndu-\u0219i o bun\u0103 reputa\u021bie \u00een industrie, iar c\u0103tre finele anilor \u02b980 Moxy a intrat \u00eentr-un parteneriat OEM cu compania japonez\u0103 Komatsu<\/strong>. \u00cen acea perioad\u0103, Moxy a produs camioane pe care Komatsu le-a comercializat sub brandul s\u0103u. \u00cen 2000, Komatsu s-a retras din aceast\u0103 asociere, iar 8 ani mai t\u00e2rziu, Moxy era achizi\u021bionata de c\u0103tre Doosan<\/strong>. 2011 a fost anul \u00een care ac\u021bionarii coreeni au decis s\u0103 renun\u021be la numele Moxy, camioanele urm\u00e2nd a fi comercializate sub marca Doosan. <\/p>\n

Anii post-Moxy<\/strong><\/p>\n

O alt\u0103 born\u0103 important\u0103 \u00een istoria ADT-urilor a fost 1973<\/strong>, anul \u00een care a fost \u00eenfiin\u021bat\u0103 DJB Engineering<\/strong>, \u00een Peterlee, Anglia. Un an mai t\u00e2rziu, compania lansa primul s\u0103u camion articulat, modelul D250<\/strong> 6×6, de 22,6 t, av\u00e2nd la baz\u0103 un grup motopropulsor Caterpillar. Camioanele DJB au fost comercializate exclusiv prin intermediul re\u021belei de dealeri Caterpillar, \u00eentruc\u00e2t componentele principale (motoare \u0219i transmisii) erau oferite de constructorul american. \"\"<\/p>\n

Gama s-a extins, iar v\u00e2nz\u0103rile au crescut rapid, ceea ce i-a determinat pe cei de la Caterpillar<\/a><\/strong> s\u0103 cumpere, \u00een 1984, drepturile de design \u0219i branding sub numele CAT, pentru ca \u00een 1995 s\u0103 achizi\u021bioneze \u00eentreaga companie. Camionul articulat DJB D550<\/strong> a fost cea mai mare versiune din cadrul programului DJB (\u0219i cel mai mare camion articulat din industrie la acea vreme), folosind transmisii powershift Caterpillar \u0219i fiind produs \u00een perioada 1978-1986, \u00een Peterlee.
\nCaterpillar D400E cu ben\u0103 ejector, produs \u00een 1996, a fost primul camion articulat cu ejector dezvoltat. Avea o capacitate de 38 t \u0219i un motor de 405 hp. Era unic prin configura\u021bia sa \u0219i pentru siguran\u021ba la desc\u0103rcare, deoarece putea goli bena f\u0103r\u0103 ridicarea centrului de greutate.<\/p>\n

\"CamioaneAnii \u02b980<\/strong> au adus nume noi \u00een categoria \u00een plin\u0103 expansiune a camioanelor cu \u0219asiu articulat. \u00cent\u00e2i, Terex<\/strong> \u2013 brand cu renume, dar cu o istorie pe c\u00e2t de \u00eendelungat\u0103, pe at\u00e2t de sinuoas\u0103, cu \u00eemp\u0103r\u021biri \u00een diverse divizii \u0219i schimbarea mai multor proprietari. Dincolo de toate, numele s-a p\u0103strat, iar \u00een 1983, la fabrica din Motherwell, Sco\u021bia, Terex a dezvoltat o linie de camioane articulate pe care le-a proiectat, testat \u0219i produs acolo \u2013 model 3204<\/strong>. Camioanele erau vopsite \u00een vernil, culoarea m\u0103rcii Euclid. Acestea aveau s\u0103 devina unul dintre cele mai de succes produse ale sale: Terex Trucks. \u00cen 2014, Volvo CE a \u00eencheiat procedurile de achizi\u021bie a diviziei de camioane (articulate \u0219i rigide) Terex. Anul acesta, Volvo CE a anun\u021bat lansarea propriei game de camioane rigide<\/a><\/strong> \u0219i \u00eencetarea acestui tip de ma\u0219ini sub numele Terex Trucks, p\u0103str\u00e2nd \u00een continuare gama ADT.<\/p>\n

\"CamioaneMijlocul deceniului 8 – finele anilor \u02b990<\/strong>
\nLa \u00eenceputul anilor \u02b980<\/strong>, pe pia\u021ba din Africa de Sud p\u0103trundea un nou tip de utilaj terasier: venea din Europa \u0219i se numea camion articulat. Era descris ca o ma\u0219in\u0103 eficient\u0103 \u0219i versatil\u0103, \u00eens\u0103 Bell a considerat c\u0103 mai este loc de \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021biri pentru ca noile camioane s\u0103 fac\u0103 fa\u021b\u0103 mai bine condi\u021biilor dure de operare de pe continentul negru.
\n\u00cen 1985, Bell Equipment<\/a><\/strong> lansa primul s\u0103u camion articulat B25A<\/strong>, un model de 23 t, considerat un real succes al companiei sud-africane. Numele Bell a crescut rapid la nivel interna\u021bional datorit\u0103 unor parteneriate strategice globale. Cur\u00e2nd apar noi modele (u\u0219oare \u0219i rapide) care extind aria de operare a camionului articulat la un num\u0103r mai mare de aplica\u021bii de transport provocatoare. \u00cen 1989, odat\u0103 cu dublarea capacit\u0103\u021bii fabricii din Richards Bay, a fost lansat modelul de 38 t, urmat apoi de unul de 48 t, B50D, destinat aplica\u021biilor miniere.<\/p>\n

\"CamioaneFinalul deceniului 8<\/strong> \u00eei g\u0103se\u0219te \u0219i pe britanicii de la JCB<\/strong> interesa\u021bi de pia\u021ba camioanelor articulate, astfel c\u0103 \u00een 1988 scot la \u00eenaintare un camion articulat 4×4 (JCB 712) \u0219i revin \u00een 1990 cu modelul 716 de 14 t (tot 4×4). Pe la mijlocul anilor \u02b990 sisteaz\u0103 produc\u021bia, \u00eens\u0103 o repornesc \u00een anii 2000 cu un camion de 14 t, echipat cu o cabin\u0103 modern\u0103 \u0219i un motor de 125 hp, pentru ca, finalmente, \u00een 2004 s\u0103 aduc\u0103 \u0219i un model 6×6 \u2013 JCB<\/a> 722<\/strong> de 20 t. La acea vreme, pia\u021ba ADT-urilor era conturat\u0103, iar numele mari aveau deja produse bine ancorate, astfel c\u0103 produc\u0103torul britanic \u0219i-a mutat aten\u021bia pe utilaje de dimensiuni mai mici, cu accent pe dumperele articulate de \u0219antier. <\/p>\n

\"\"Noi produc\u0103tori dup\u0103 anii 2000<\/strong>
\n\u00cen 1999, (John) Deere Construction<\/strong> \u00ee\u0219i \u00eencepe aventura \u00een segmentul camioanelor articulate ca urmare a unei asocieri strategice cu produc\u0103torul sud-african Bell Equipment, comercializ\u00e2nd sub brand propriu camioane articulate Bell pe pie\u021bele din America de Nord \u0219i de Sud. La acea dat\u0103, Bell era deja \u00een business-ul ADT de circa 15 ani. Rela\u021bia a continuat p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 2011, c\u00e2nd cele dou\u0103 companii au decis s\u0103 produc\u0103 separat acest tip de ma\u0219in\u0103. Un an mai t\u00e2rziu, Deere introduce noua serie E de camioane articulate.<\/p>\n

\"Camioane\u00cen 2000, Astra<\/strong> intr\u0103 pe pia\u021ba camioanelor articulate 6×6. \u00cenfiin\u021bat\u0103 \u00een 1946, compania italian\u0103 Astra a \u00eenceput s\u0103 dezvolte o gam\u0103 de vehicule de transport off-road, cu accent pe sectoarele minier, oil & gas, construc\u021bii \u0219i transport. Pentru \u00eenceput, a lansat dou\u0103 modele, 25C \u0219i 30C<\/strong>, de 23 respectiv 28 t capacitate, echipate cu motoare Iveco Cursor 10, urmate la scurt timp (\u00een 2004) de alte dou\u0103, 35C de 31,5 t \u0219i 40C de 37 t, cu motoare Iveco Cursor 13. \u00cen 2013, business-ul este transferat c\u0103tre CNH Industrial<\/strong>, care cuprinde \u0219i brand-ul Case<\/strong> (marc\u0103 ce a avut \u0219i ea o linie de camioane articulate, sistat\u0103 \u00eens\u0103 ca urmare a prelu\u0103rii portofoliului similar Iveco Astra<\/strong>). <\/p>\n

\"\"\u00cen fine, 2010<\/strong> este anul \u00een care Liebherr<\/a><\/strong> \u00ee\u0219i face apari\u021bia \u00een acest segment, lans\u00e2nd la Bauma Munchen primul s\u0103u camion articulat. Noul TA 230<\/strong> Litronic 6×6 venea cu un design actual \u00een clasa de 30 t \u0219i era propulsat de un motor Liebherr (dezvoltat \u00eempreun\u0103 cu MAN). O mare parte a tehnologiei are la baz\u0103 experien\u021ba MAN \u00een sectorul camioanelor on-highway. De asemenea, contractul pe care-l avea cu Bell pentru furnizarea de ADT-uri a fost \u00eencheiat. La scurt timp, \u00een 2013, compania german\u0103 a ad\u0103ugat un nou model: TA 240 de 40 t. Dar despre camioanele articulate moderne voi vorbi \u00een partea a doua a acestui material. <\/p>\n

Va urma<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Camioanele articulete (sau cu \u0219asiu articulat) sunt deja ma\u0219ini obi\u0219nuite ale \u0219antierelor actuale. \u00cens\u0103 nu au fost dintotdeauna, ba chiar se num\u0103r\u0103 printre cele mai noi categorii de utilaje din<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7236,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[32,6072,44],"tags":[1047,1129,4905,288,443,4906,194,4209,4210,169,3,104,781],"class_list":["post-7222","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-utilaje-de-constructii","category-surface-mining","category-camioane","tag-bell-equipment","tag-camioane-articulate","tag-camioane-cu-sasiu-articulat","tag-cat","tag-caterpillar","tag-deere-construction","tag-doosan","tag-history","tag-istorie","tag-jcb","tag-john-deere","tag-komatsu","tag-terex-trucks"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"en","enabled_languages":["ro","en"],"languages":{"ro":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"en":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"yoast_head":"\nCamioane articulate. \u00cenceputuri \u0219i evolu\u021bie (Partea I) - M. 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