{"id":6235,"date":"2017-11-06T14:12:41","date_gmt":"2017-11-06T11:12:41","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.mequipment.ro\/?p=6235"},"modified":"2020-08-02T12:17:34","modified_gmt":"2020-08-02T10:17:34","slug":"utilaje-si-metode-de-compactare","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mequipment.ro\/en\/utilaje-si-metode-de-compactare\/","title":{"rendered":"Metode \u0219i utilaje destinate compact\u0103rii"},"content":{"rendered":"

Utilajele de compactare a diferitelor tipuri de material pe care lucreaz\u0103 au la baz\u0103 trei principii: sarcina static\u0103, vibra\u021biile \u0219i impactul. Alegerea metodei de compactare \u0219i rezultatul compact\u0103rii sunt influen\u021bate de diferi\u021bi factori, precum: tipul solului (materialului), con\u021binutul de ap\u0103, grosimea stratului \u0219i rigiditatea stratului de baz\u0103.<\/em> | Marius IANCU<\/strong><\/p>\n

Compactare static\u0103<\/strong>
\nCompactoarele statice au fost primele utilaje de compactare mecanic\u0103. Echipamentul de compactare static\u0103 folose\u0219te masa ma\u0219inii pentru a aplica presiune pe o anumit\u0103 suprafa\u021b\u0103 \u0219i a comprima particulele substratului. Singura modalitate de a varia presiunea exercitat\u0103 asupra suprafe\u021bei este modificarea greut\u0103\u021bii sau a zonei de contact a echipamentului.
\nEchipamentul static va realiza, \u00een mod normal, o compactare adecvat\u0103 pe straturi sub\u021biri. De asemenea, timpul, ca func\u021bie a vitezei compactorului \u0219i a num\u0103rului de treceri, influen\u021beaz\u0103 rezultatul final. Tipurile conven\u021bionale de compactoare statice includ utilaje cu trei cilindri statici, cilindri statici tandem \u0219i cilindri pneumatici (cu ro\u021bi din cauciuc).<\/p>\n

Compactare cu vibra\u021bii<\/strong>
\nCilindrii compactori vibratori produc o succesiune rapid\u0103 de mi\u0219c\u0103ri de impact asupra suprafe\u021bei subiacente, de unde vibra\u021biile sau undele de presiune sunt transmise prin material pentru a fixa particulele de sol \u00een mi\u0219care. Astfel reduc sau elimin\u0103 practic frecarea intern\u0103 \u0219i faciliteaz\u0103 rearanjarea particulelor \u00een pozi\u021bii care cresc densitatea. Cre\u0219terea simultan\u0103 a num\u0103rului de puncte de contact \u00eentre particule conduce la cre\u0219terea propriet\u0103\u021bilor de sus\u021binere.<\/p>\n

\"\"Chiar dac\u0103 vibra\u021biile au un efect mai redus asupra solurilor coezive, tot \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021besc eficien\u021ba atunci c\u00e2nd aceste tipuri de sol sunt compactate. Compactarea cu vibra\u021bii atinge densit\u0103\u021bi mai mari \u0219i are efect de ad\u00e2ncime mai mare dec\u00e2t compactarea static\u0103 pe toate tipurile de materiale, densitatea final\u0103 put\u00e2nd fi ob\u021binut\u0103 din mai pu\u021bine treceri. Toate acestea explic\u0103 de ce echipamentele vibratoare sunt mai eficiente \u0219i mai economice dec\u00e2t echipamentele statice grele, \u00een aproape toate situa\u021biile.
\nCompactarea vibratoare cauzeaz\u0103 \u00eens\u0103 sl\u0103birea suprafe\u021bei superioare a unui strat. Ad\u00e2ncimea suprafe\u021bei neconsolidate depinde de tipul de sol, \u00eenclina\u021bia acestuia \u0219i con\u021binutul de ap\u0103. Pe un sol grosier (macrogranular), compactarea uniform\u0103 presupune o amplitudine mare; se va crea un efect mai pronun\u021bat de sl\u0103bire. Solul slab de la suprafa\u021b\u0103 este compactat pe m\u0103sur\u0103 ce stratul urm\u0103tor este a\u0219ternut peste el \u0219i compactat.<\/p>\n

Compactare cu impact <\/strong>
\nAceasta se bazeaz\u0103 pe o for\u021b\u0103 mare de impact. Genereaz\u0103 o for\u021b\u0103 mai mare pe suprafa\u021b\u0103 dec\u00e2t un compactor static. For\u021ba impactului produce un val de presiune \u00een sol, care genereaz\u0103 presiuni ridicate la ad\u00e2ncime. Maiurile \u0219i compactoarele de sol lucreaz\u0103 pe principiul impactului. Deoarece acest tip de compactor va l\u0103sa o zon\u0103 necompactat\u0103 \u00eentre fiecare impact, sunt necesare mai multe treceri pentru a asigura compactarea uniform\u0103. Cilindrii cu impact trebuie s\u0103 func\u021bioneze la viteze semnificativ mai mari dec\u00e2t compactorii statici sau vibratori, pentru a ob\u021bine un efect complet. Ace\u0219tia sunt mai economici pe suprafe\u021be mari.<\/p>\n

Importan\u021ba rigidit\u0103\u021bii suprafe\u021bei de dedesubt<\/strong>
\nEfectul de compactare este influen\u021bat de rigiditatea stratului de baz\u0103. Compactarea nu poate fi realizat\u0103 pe deplin \u00een cazul \u00een care substratul las\u0103 de dorit. Adesea, este imposibil s\u0103 se ob\u021bin\u0103 un grad ridicat de compactare al unui strat de umplutur\u0103 care se suprapune unui strat cu o capacitate redus\u0103 de sus\u021binere (de exemplu, un p\u0103m\u00e2nt granular cu con\u021binut ridicat de ap\u0103).<\/p>\n

Utilaje de compactare<\/strong>
\nAlegerea echipamentului de compactare trebuie s\u0103 ia \u00een considerare tipul solului, grosimea stratului, specifica\u021biile de compactare \u0219i m\u0103rimea lucr\u0103rii. Cel mai important aspect este capacitatea utilajului de a \u00eendeplini specifica\u021biile de compactare \u00eentr-o manier\u0103 rentabil\u0103. E normal s\u0103 nu alegi cel mai mare cilindru pentru o lucrare mic\u0103, precum un drum de acces. \u0218i invers, nu alegi un cilindru cu tambur unic de mici dimensiuni pentru o lucrare de amploare, dec\u00e2t complementar altor echipamente. Pentru compactarea solului exist\u0103 mai multe tipuri de ma\u0219ini utilizate. Cele mai obi\u0219nuite \u0219i destina\u021biile lor general acceptate ar fi:<\/p>\n

\"\"Rulouri compactoare tandem cu vibra\u021bii<\/strong>
\n\u00cen mod normal, acestea sunt cu vibra\u021bii \u0219i transmisie pe ambii tamburi. Sunt concepute \u00een principal pentru compactarea asfaltului, dar, uneori, folosite \u0219i pentru compactarea stratului de leg\u0103tur\u0103, nisipului \u0219i pietri\u0219ului. Gama de greut\u0103\u021bi opera\u021bionale: 1-18 tone (poate varia \u00een func\u021bie de produc\u0103tor). Cei mai importan\u021bi parametrii de compactare sunt sarcina static\u0103 liniar\u0103, amplitudinea, frecven\u021ba \u0219i viteza. O sarcin\u0103 liniar\u0103 static\u0103 mai mare ofer\u0103 un efect de compactare mai bun, iar amplitudinea controleaz\u0103 ad\u00e2ncimea de compactare. Frecven\u021ba trebuie s\u0103 se potriveasc\u0103 cu amplitudinea aleas\u0103 pentru grosimea curent\u0103 a stratului. Viteza nu ar trebui s\u0103 dep\u0103\u0219easc\u0103 ~5 km\/h, altfel va exista o sc\u0103dere considerabil\u0103 a efectului de compactare. Sunt potrivite pentru grosimi de straturi sub\u021biri – medii, pe soluri cu granula\u021bie mare.<\/p>\n

\"\"Cilindri vibro-compactori autopropulsa\u021bi <\/strong>
\nAu un tambur vibrator \u0219i transmisie pe ro\u021bi. Sunt folosi\u021bi pe umplutur\u0103 de roca \u0219i pe sol. Versiunile speciale cu bandaj picior b\u0103t\u0103tor sunt foarte eficiente pe sol lutos. Gama de greut\u0103\u021bi opera\u021bionale: ~ 4-27 tone. Parametrii cei mai importan\u021bi de compactare sunt sarcina static\u0103 liniar\u0103, amplitudinea, frecven\u021ba \u0219i viteza. O sarcina liniar\u0103 static\u0103 mare d\u0103 un efect de compactare mai bun. Amplitudinea ajut\u0103 la determinarea ad\u00e2ncimii de compactare. Frecven\u021ba ar trebui s\u0103 corespund\u0103 amplitudinii \u0219i materialului care trebuie compactat. Sunt potrivi\u021bi pentru toate tipurile de soluri \u00een straturi relativ groase. Pe umplutur\u0103 de piatr\u0103 sunt potrivite numai cele mai grele modele.<\/p>\n

\"\"Compactoare pe pneuri<\/strong>
\n\u00cen mod normal, cu 7 p\u00e2n\u0103 la 11 ro\u021bi cu pneuri. Ro\u021bile frontale \u0219i posterioare se suprapun. Efortul de compactare poate fi modificat prin balastarea cu ap\u0103, nisip sau greut\u0103\u021bi speciale din o\u021bel. Gama de greut\u0103\u021bi: ~ 10-35 de tone. Cei mai importan\u021bi parametrii de compactare sunt sarcina pe roat\u0103 \u0219i viteza. O sarcin\u0103 mai mare pe roat\u0103 ofer\u0103 un efect de compactare mai bun. Sunt potrivite pe straturi sub\u021biri.<\/p>\n

\"\"Compactoare statice cu trei cilindri<\/strong>
\nDou\u0103 tambururi de ac\u021bionare din o\u021bel \u0219i un tambur de direc\u021bie cu cadru rigid; sau cu trac\u021biune integral\u0103 \u0219i un cadru articulat. Efortul de compactare poate fi modificat prin balastare. Gama de greut\u0103\u021bi: ~ 8-15 tone. Cei mai importan\u021bi parametri de compactare sunt sarcina static\u0103 liniar\u0103 \u0219i viteza. O sarcin\u0103 liniar\u0103 static\u0103 mai mare ofer\u0103 un efect de compactare mai bun. Sunt potrivite pe straturi sub\u021biri de soluri cu granula\u021bie mare, precum \u0219i pe nisip sau pietri\u0219.<\/p>\n

\"\"Compactoare de sol cu patru tamburi<\/strong>
\nPatru tamburi cu crampoane. Direc\u021bie articulat\u0103. Lucreaz\u0103 la viteze mai mari dec\u00e2t compactoarele vibratoare \u0219i sunt folosite pentru compactarea cu impact. Eficiente \u00een soluri coezive. Gama de greut\u0103\u021bi: ~ 15-35 tone. Parametrii cei mai importan\u021bi de compactare sunt sarcina pe roat\u0103, l\u0103\u021bimea ro\u021bii, forma crampoanelor \u0219i viteza. O sarcin\u0103 mai mare pe roat\u0103 ofer\u0103 un efect de compactare mai bun. Potrivite pentru straturi sub\u021biri \u0219i suprafe\u021be mari.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Utilajele de compactare a diferitelor tipuri de material pe care lucreaz\u0103 au la baz\u0103 trei principii: sarcina static\u0103, vibra\u021biile \u0219i impactul. Alegerea metodei de compactare \u0219i rezultatul compact\u0103rii sunt influen\u021bate<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6236,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[32,38,121],"tags":[4236,4232,4227,4226,4225,7,4235,4233,4234,3217,4231,4238,4228,4229,4237,4230],"class_list":["post-6235","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-utilaje-de-constructii","category-stiri-utilaje-de-constructii-miniere-si-forestiere","category-pavare-beton-fundatii-speciale","tag-bandaj-picior-batator","tag-cilindri-vibro-compactori-autopropulsati","tag-compactare-statica","tag-compactoare-cu-impact","tag-compactoare-cu-vibratii","tag-compactoare-de-sol","tag-compactoare-de-sol-cu-patru-tamburi","tag-compactoare-pe-pneuri","tag-cumpactoare-statice-cu-trei-cilindri","tag-dynapac","tag-rulouri-compactoae-tandem-cu-vibratii","tag-sarcina-statica","tag-strat-de-baza","tag-substrat","tag-tambur-cu-crampoane","tag-utilaje-de-compactare"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"en","enabled_languages":["ro","en"],"languages":{"ro":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"en":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"yoast_head":"\nMetode \u0219i utilaje destinate compact\u0103rii - M. 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