{"id":6026,"date":"2017-10-14T12:39:38","date_gmt":"2017-10-14T09:39:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.mequipment.ro\/?p=6026"},"modified":"2020-08-02T14:41:05","modified_gmt":"2020-08-02T12:41:05","slug":"6026-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mequipment.ro\/en\/6026-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Transmisii utilizate pe \u00eenc\u0103rc\u0103toarele frontale pe ro\u021bi (Partea a II-a)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Transmisiile reprezint\u0103 un domeniu important de preocup\u0103ri pentru produc\u0103torii de \u00eenc\u0103rc\u0103toare, av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere ponderea lor \u00een costul total al \u00eenc\u0103rc\u0103toarelor. Astfel, o transmisie complet\u0103, indiferet de tipul ac\u021bion\u0103rii, poate reprezenta p\u00e2n\u0103 la 30-35% din valoarea total\u0103 a unui \u00eenc\u0103rc\u0103tor. Solu\u021bionarea problemei duale \u2013 minimizarea costurilor \/ \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021birea performan\u021belor \u2013 este abordat\u0103 de fabrican\u021bi apel\u00e2nd la utilizarea tehnicilor de \u201eperfec\u021bionare continu\u0103\u201c.<\/em> | Conf. dr. ing. Ioan PETREA<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Alc\u0103tuirea transmisiilor hidrostatice<\/strong>
\n\u00cen func\u021bie de puterea de transmisie \u0219i de structura transmisiei hidrostatice, \u00eenc\u0103rc\u0103toarele frontale pe ro\u021bi cu pneuri pot fi grupate \u00een mai multe variante. Astfel, p\u00e2n\u0103 la puteri de 60 kW sunt utilizate transmisii integral hidrostatice. La puteri mai mari, lan\u021bul energetic este \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bit prin utilizarea unei transmisii secundare (cutie de viteze comutabil\u0103 sub sarcin\u0103) al c\u0103rei domeniu permite un reglaj continuu. Dup\u0103 cum am precizat mai sus, \u00een cazul cutiilor de viteze conven\u021bionale, trecerea de la o treapt\u0103 la alta depinde de viteza utilajului \u0219i este \u00eenso\u021bit\u0103 de \u00eentreruperea fluxului de putere. Dezavantajele puse \u00een eviden\u021b\u0103 de pierderile temporare de trac\u021biune sunt evitate prin implementarea unei variante complet hidrostatice, a\u0219a-numitul concept \u201dmultimotor\u201d. Acesta presupune utilizarea a dou\u0103 motoare care func\u021bioneaz\u0103 \u00een paralel \u0219i sunt cuplate la un arbore printr-un reductor de \u00eensumare mecanic\u0103. La viteze mici \u0219i trac\u021biuni mari ale \u00eenc\u0103rc\u0103torului, ambele motoare func\u021bioneaz\u0103 la ununghi maxim de basculare. Odat\u0103 cu cre\u0219terea vitezei, motorul mai mare basculeaz\u0103 \u00een pozi\u021bia \u201dzero\u201d; astfel, \u00eentregul flux energetic este direc\u021bionat de pomp\u0103 celui de-al doilea motor disponibil (care poate fi cu cilindree fix\u0103 sau variabil\u0103). <\/p>\n

Caracteristica cea mai pregnant\u0103 a acestui sistem const\u0103 \u00een aceea c\u0103, indiferent de starea de exploatare, poate fi comandat\u0103 orice vitez\u0103, f\u0103r\u0103 a ap\u0103rea st\u0103ri de accelera\u021bie sau decelera\u021bie neplauzibile. De asemenea, prin utilizarea acestei solu\u021bii constructive se evit\u0103 \u00eentreruperea fluxului de putere la schimbarea vitezelor, a\u0219a cum se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 la cutiile conven\u021bionale cuplabile sub sarcin\u0103.
\nLa o analiz\u0103 critic\u0103 a sistemului cu mai multe motoare iese \u00een eviden\u021b\u0103 faptul c\u0103, \u00een domeniul tura\u021biilor mari de ie\u0219ire, unul dintre motoare este basculat la \u201czero\u201d \u0219i nu contribuie la transmiterea puterii. Pe de alt\u0103 parte, el este \u00eens\u0103 antrenat, iar la tura\u021bii mari conduce la pierderi. Acest neajuns este eliminat prin decuplarea motorului \u2013 basculat la \u201dzero\u201d \u2013 cu ajutorul unui ambreiaj. <\/p>\n

\"\"Solu\u021bia constructiv\u0103 multimotor cu reductoare de angrenare prin \u00eensumare reprezint\u0103 solu\u021bia corespunz\u0103toare de ac\u021bionare pentru domeniul de putere peste 100 kW. \u00centregul flux de putere este monitorizat de un microprocesor care regleaz\u0103 motoarele \u00een a\u0219a fel \u00eenc\u00e2t puterea s\u0103 fie transferat\u0103 \u00een paralel la ambele motoare \u00een timpi diferi\u021bi, iar motorul, al c\u0103rui arbore de transmisie execut\u0103 o schimbare de treapt\u0103, s\u0103 fie trecut la \u201dzero\u201d.<\/p>\n

Transmisia hidrostatic\u0103 cu cutie de viteze powershift<\/strong>
\nSchimbarea treptei se poate face prin intermediul a dou\u0103 ambreiaje multidisc, care pot fi ac\u021bionate la timpi \u0219i viteze diferite. Timpul de \u00eentrerupere a trac\u021biunii pe treapta respectiv\u0103 este propor\u021bional cu viteza de deplasare, \u00eentreruperea variind \u00eentre 0 \u0219i 500 ms. Opera\u021biile de selectare sunt controlate de un microprocesor. C\u00e2nd se face schimbarea de la viteza I la viteza a II-a, sincronizarea lor se realizeaz\u0103 pe durata trecerii pompei \u00een pozi\u021bie \u201dneutr\u0103\u201d. Schimbarea \u00een treapta inferioar\u0103 este controlat\u0103 \u00een func\u021bie de vitez\u0103 \u0219i sarcin\u0103. Sincronizarea vitezei este realizat\u0103 prin intermediul unei supape de by-pass. Ca urmare, tura\u021bia motorului rotativ hidraulic este echilibrat\u0103 cu tura\u021bia de intrare \u00een cutia de viteze, proces care are loc practic f\u0103r\u0103 \u00eentreruperi, permi\u021b\u00e2nd treceri line.<\/p>\n

Transmisia hidrostatic\u0103 cu angrenaje de \u00eensumare<\/strong>
\nLa aceast\u0103 transmisie, func\u021bia de control este efectut\u0103 de pomp\u0103 \u0219i de primul motor pe domeniul 1-3 \u0219i 4-5; al doilea motor are, de asemenea, o func\u021bie de control p\u00e2n\u0103 la nivelul de basculare \u201dzero\u201d pentru a se ob\u021bine viteza maxim\u0103. Prin utilizarea eficient\u0103 a schemei cu asemenea componente, uleiul este aspirat din motor. <\/p>\n

Transmisia hidrostatic\u0103 cu angrenaje de \u00eensumare \u0219i cutie de viteze powershift<\/strong>
\nSistemul multimotor cu angrenaj de \u00eensumare mecanic\u0103, conceput pentru domeniul de putere peste 100 kW, necesit\u0103 un microcontroler programabil \u2013 dotat cu program pentru lucr\u0103ri specifice \u00eenc\u0103rc\u0103torului frontal \u2013 capabil s\u0103 prelucreze o combina\u021bie complex\u0103 de semnale. Ac\u021bionarea are \u00een alc\u0103tuire dou\u0103 motoare legate \u00een paralel, ce antreneaz\u0103 un arbore prin intr\u0103ri separate, fiecare av\u00e2nd dou\u0103 trepte de vitez\u0103. Microprocesorul de control \u00eenregistreaz\u0103 tura\u021bia motorului de ac\u021bionare \u0219i a motoarelor hidraulice, respectiv viteza de deplasare. \u00cen func\u021bie de aceste intr\u0103ri variabile \u0219i de pozi\u021bia pedalei de accelera\u021bie, ambreiajele \u0219i motoarele hidraulice sunt ac\u021bionate astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t tot fluxul de putere s\u0103 fie distribuit permanent \u00een exploatare. Astfel, programul preia controlul asupra \u00eentregului angrenaj. \u00cen plus, un limitator de sarcin\u0103 previne supra\u00eenc\u0103rcarea \u0219i calarea motorului diesel, reduc\u00e2nd \u00een timp util consumul de putere al pompei hidraulice.<\/p>\n

\"\"Fr\u00e2narea utilajului se face hidrostatic, pompa trec\u00e2nd \u00een regim de consumator. Diversele elemente de ac\u021bionare sunt monitorizate permanent cu ajutorul senzorilor printr-o func\u021bie de diagnosticare \u00een vederea ini\u021bierii m\u0103surilor adecvate, \u00een cazul \u00een care apar probleme \u00een func\u021bionare. Suplimentar, set\u0103rile parametrilor pot fi modificate pe anumite intervale printr-o interfa\u021b\u0103 pentru corelarea domeniului caracteristicii de trac\u021biune cu comenzile operatorului. <\/p>\n

Prin utilizarea sistemelor de ac\u021bionare moderne, \u00een combina\u021bie cu monitorizarea trac\u021biunii prin computere programabile, a fost posibil ca avantajele transmisiei hidrostatice caracterizate printr-un domeniu de reglaj continuu s\u0103 fie transferate \u0219i la realizarea \u00eenc\u0103rc\u0103toarelor de mare putere (200 kW). De asemenea, integrarea motorului termic \u00een sistemul de management \u0219i controlul s\u0103u prin intermediul computerului asigur\u0103 func\u021bionarea \u00eenc\u0103rc\u0103torului cu un consum optim de combustibil, \u00een func\u021bie de puterea solicitat\u0103. <\/p>\n

\u00cencorporarea \u00een structura transmisiilor hidrostatice a componentelor evoluate, a comenzilor electrohidraulice \u0219i a sistemelor de control \u201dinching\u201d contribuie la \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021birea durabilit\u0103\u021bii transmisiilor, la simplificarea comenzilor \u0219i la l\u0103rgirea num\u0103rului func\u021biilor, conduc\u00e2nd \u00een final la cre\u0219terea eficien\u021bei \u0219i productivit\u0103\u021bii.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Transmisiile reprezint\u0103 un domeniu important de preocup\u0103ri pentru produc\u0103torii de \u00eenc\u0103rc\u0103toare, av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere ponderea lor \u00een costul total al \u00eenc\u0103rc\u0103toarelor. Astfel, o transmisie complet\u0103, indiferet de tipul ac\u021bion\u0103rii, poate<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6042,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[32,39],"tags":[2394,453,5121,947,8201,2645],"class_list":["post-6026","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-utilaje-de-constructii","category-engines-technologies","tag-incarcatoare-frontale","tag-transmisie-hidrostatica","tag-transmisie-power-shift","tag-transmisii","tag-transmisii-utilaje","tag-utilaje"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"en","enabled_languages":["ro","en"],"languages":{"ro":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"en":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"yoast_head":"\nTransmisii utilizate pe \u00eenc\u0103rc\u0103toarele frontale pe ro\u021bi (Partea a II-a) - M. Equipment | Latest News in Construction, Mining & Forestry Industry<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/mequipment.ro\/6026-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Transmisii utilizate pe \u00eenc\u0103rc\u0103toarele frontale pe ro\u021bi (Partea a II-a) - M. Equipment | Latest News in Construction, Mining & Forestry Industry\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/mequipment.ro\/6026-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"M. 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