{"id":333,"date":"2014-05-02T13:41:30","date_gmt":"2014-05-02T11:41:30","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.mequipment.ro\/wordpress\/?p=333"},"modified":"2025-11-20T11:06:24","modified_gmt":"2025-11-20T09:06:24","slug":"masini-forestiere-metode-de-actionare-exploatare-intretinere","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mequipment.ro\/en\/masini-forestiere-metode-de-actionare-exploatare-intretinere\/","title":{"rendered":"Utilaje forestiere \u2013 Metode de ac\u021bionare. Exploatare. \u00centre\u021binere"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00cen ultimele dou\u0103 decenii, suprafa\u0163a p\u0103durilor din \u0163ara noastr\u0103 s-a mic\u015forat apreciabil, at\u00e2t din cauza cerin\u0163elor economice, c\u00e2t \u0219i a defri\u015f\u0103rilor ilegale, care sunt cele mai vizibile. De asemenea, starea le-a fost influen\u021bat\u0103 negativ de supraexploatare (amplificat\u0103 de pseudomecanizarea lucr\u0103rilor) \u015fi, frecvent, de ignoran\u0163\u0103. Astfel, procentul de \u00eemp\u0103durire a sc\u0103zut dramatic, afect\u00e2nd puternic echilibrul ecologic. A fost modificat\u0103 structura genetic\u0103 \u015fi ecologic\u0103 a ecosistemului forestier, inunda\u0163iile \u00eenmul\u0163indu-se \u015fi amplific\u00e2ndu-se. Ap\u0103rarea \u0219i \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021birea mediului \u00eenconjur\u0103tor, asigurarea echilibrului prin conservarea \u0219i protejarea p\u0103durilor (cre\u0219terea procentului de \u00eemp\u0103durire, pentru realizarea echilibrului t\u0103iere \u2013 \u00eemp\u0103durire) constituie o sarcin\u0103 a silvicultorilor, dar \u0219i o preocupare explicit\u0103 \u0219i excep\u021bional\u0103 a factorilor guvernamentali.<\/em> | Dr. ing. Ioan PETREA<\/strong><\/p>\n

Din acest punct de vedere, nivelul calit\u0103\u0163ii vie\u0163ii individuale este apreciat \u2013 pe lang\u0103 altele \u2013 \u015fi \u00een func\u021bie de suprafa\u0163a p\u0103durilor ecologic echilibrate de care dispunde fiecare na\u0163iune. Un model de civiliza\u0163ie care s\u0103 asigure un nivel de trai decent presupune \u2013 la nivel de \u0163ar\u0103 \u2013 o economie industrial\u0103 bine dimensionat\u0103 \u015fi informatizat\u0103, optim \u00eemp\u0103durit\u0103 cu ecosisteme forestiere naturale \u015fi cvasinaturale. \u00cen sus\u0163inerea celor mai sus men\u0163ionate sunt decisive urm\u0103toarele exemple:
\n\u2022 p\u0103durile asigur\u0103 echilibrul ecologic de ansamblu al \u0163\u0103rii, un rol important fiind cel de prevenire a secetelor, inunda\u0163iilor \u015fi a eroziunii solurilor;
\n\u2022 \u00een ansamblul lor, ele constituie elementul esen\u0163ial \u015fi caracteristic al peisajului turistic rom\u00e2nesc;
\n\u2022 p\u0103durile exploatate judicios au un aport substan\u0163ial la dezvoltarea economic\u0103 a \u0163\u0103rii;
\n\u2022 ecosistemele forestiere produc peste 40 de milioane de tone de oxigen \u015fi absorb cca. 50 de milioane de tone de dioxid de carbon (la propor\u0163iile Terrei, p\u0103durile produc anual 10-15 miliarde de tone de oxigen \u015fi absorb 15-20 miliarde de tone de dioxid de carbon), \u00eemprosp\u0103t\u00e2nd continuu mediul nostru de via\u0163\u0103;<\/p>\n

Mecanizarea lucr\u0103rilor forestiere este dictat\u0103 \u00een primul r\u00e2nd de asigurarea condi\u0163iilor optime de desf\u0103\u015furare a lor, av\u00e2nd ca obiectiv calitatea \u015fi reducerea costurilor de exploatare. Ma\u0219inile actuale, \u00een variante constructive diferite, asigur\u0103 executarea mecanizat\u0103 a activit\u0103\u0163ilor forestiere cum ar fi: recoltare, debitare, manipulare \u015fi transport, combaterea bolilor, plantare.<\/p>\n

Efectele directe \u015fi indirecte ale folosirii ma\u0219inilor forestiere performante \u00een executarea mecanizat\u0103 a lucr\u0103rilor se manifest\u0103 \u015fi \u00een ceea ce prive\u015fte for\u0163a de munc\u0103. \u00cen mare m\u0103sur\u0103, ele conduc la o restr\u00e2ngere a opera\u0163iilor care cer interven\u0163ia omului, dar \u00een acela\u015fi timp reclam\u0103 o mai mare responsabilizare a personalului operator.<\/p>\n

Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 problema fundamental\u0103 privind simplificarea constructiv\u0103 \u015fi func\u0163ional\u0103 a echipamentelor de lucru (interschimbabile), o aten\u0163ie deosebit\u0103 se acord\u0103 metodelor de ac\u0163ionare, nota dominant\u0103 constituind-o conducerea numeric\u0103 integral\u0103 a servomecanismelor electrohidraulice, respectiv \u00eembinarea optim\u0103 a servomecanismelor mecanohidraulice cu cele electrohidraulice \u015fi electromecanice \u00een c\u00e2mpul servopompelor \u015fi servomotoarelor. Toate aceste preocup\u0103ri, generatoare de idei noi \u2013 singura cale a bun\u0103st\u0103rii \u2013 sunt \u00eenso\u0163ite de patente, care mutatis mutandis valideaz\u0103 interesul pentru inovare \u015fi, totodat\u0103, reprezint\u0103 conota\u0163ia pozitiv\u0103 a succesului economic. <\/p>\n

1. Sisteme de ac\u021bionare pentru ma\u0219inile cu echipament de lucru pentru controlat lungimea debit\u0103rii<\/strong>
\nEchipamentele CTL \u2013 pentru controlul lungimii debit\u0103rii \u2013 destinate ma\u0219inilor forestiere folosesc metoda scandinav\u0103 (Cut-To-Lenght) de a t\u0103ia la o lungime prestabilit\u0103. Conform principiului CTL, arborii sunt t\u0103ia\u0163i \u015fi dobor\u00e2\u0163i, cur\u0103\u0163a\u0163i de crengi \u015fi t\u0103ia\u0163i la anumite lungimi la fa\u0163a locului.
\nAceste ma\u0219ini sunt denumite combine, asem\u0103n\u0103toare din punctul de vedere al rul\u0103rii\/trac\u0163iunii excavatoarelor pe ro\u0163i cu pneuri sau \u015fenile. Bu\u015ftenii dobor\u00e2\u0163i \u0219i cur\u0103\u021ba\u021bi sunt apoi c\u0103ra\u0163i cu echipamente de transport p\u00e2n\u0103 la marginea drumului forestier. Transportul la mare distan\u0163\u0103 (punct de lucru \u2013 fabric\u0103) se realizeaz\u0103 cu mijloace de transport.<\/p>\n

1.1. Transmisia hidrostatic\u0103<\/strong>
\nCombinele \u015fi echipamentele de transport sunt echipate cu transmisie hidraulic\u0103 controlat\u0103 prin circuit \u00eenchis. Acesta asigur\u0103 o excelent\u0103 maniabilitate pe terenuri denivelate \u015fi \u00een pant\u0103. Pompa \u015fi motorul sunt comandate propor\u0163ional prin intermediul dispozitivelor electronice. Soft-ul folosit \u00een microcontrolere adapteaz\u0103 caracteristicile transmisiei cu puterea, evit\u00e2ndu-se calarea motorului termic, \u00een cazul supra\u00eenc\u0103rc\u0103rii.<\/p>\n

1.2. Hidraulica echipamentului de lucru cu sesizarea sarcinii<\/strong>
\n\u00cen construc\u0163ia acestor ma\u0219ini sunt utilizate pompe din seriile A10VO \u015fi A11V(L)O (fig. 1 \u0219i 2). O bun\u0103 dimensionare s-a ob\u021binut \u0163in\u00e2nd seama de condi\u0163iile de exploatare, precizie \u015fi pozi\u0163ionare. Componentele electrice \u0219i hidraulice Rexroth sunt optimizate pentru a oferi operatorului caracteristici corespunz\u0103toare de r\u0103spuns \u015fi control repetabil \u00een orice condi\u0163ii de operare. \"FIG.1\"<\/a> \"FIG.2\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Blocul de comand\u0103 al sesizorului de sarcin\u0103 M4 \u00eenglobeaz\u0103 toate avantajele unei tehnologii avansate \u00eentr-o form\u0103 compact\u0103, caracterizat\u0103 prin:
\n\u2022 debite mari;
\n\u2022 presiuni \u00eenalte;
\n\u2022 supape de siguran\u0163\u0103 LS \u015fi supape secundare integrate;
\n\u2022 compatibilitate cu controlul PWM;
\n\u2022 parte electronic\u0103 integrat\u0103.<\/p>\n

2. Hidraulica ma\u0219inilor pentru recoltarea arborilor \u00eentregi<\/strong>
\nProcesul de recoltare FTH (full-tree harvesting) are la baz\u0103 principiul de lucru nord-american \u015fi const\u0103 dintr-un ansamblu de activit\u0103\u0163i \u2013 dobor\u00e2rea, transportul (prin p\u0103dure) prelucrarea, \u00eenc\u0103rcarea. Exist\u0103 mai multe variante ale procesului \u015fi, \u00een consecin\u0163\u0103, mai multe tipuri de ma\u015fini, \u00een func\u0163ie de condi\u0163iile de teren \u015fi\/sau m\u0103rimea arborilor. Cele mai obi\u015fnuite ma\u015fini sunt prev\u0103zute cu sisteme de rulare\/trac\u0163iune pe roti cu pneuri sau \u015fenile. Echiamentul de lucru, prev\u0103zut cu un dispozitiv de palpare, are un organ activ tip fer\u0103str\u0103u \u00een form\u0103 de disc. Alte echipamente ce deservesc procesul tehnologic includ troliile de corh\u0103nit (scoaterea bu\u015ftenilor din masivul p\u0103duros, de la locul de dobor\u00e2re \u015fi p\u00e2n\u0103 la locul unde se poate \u00eencepe transportul cu mijloace de transport), echipamentele de t\u0103iat crengi \u015fi graiferele de bu\u015fteni.<\/p>\n

2.1. Utilaje de dobor\u00e2t<\/strong>
\nMa\u015finile de dobor\u00e2t sunt folosite la t\u0103ierea (dobor\u00e2rea) arborilor \u015fi stivuirea acestora pe sol. Deoarece aceste ma\u015fini realizeaz\u0103 procesul de lucru \u00een teren accidentat, sistemul de rulare trebuie s\u0103 \u00eendeplineasc\u0103 cerin\u0163ele de mobilitate \u00een toate tipurile de teren. Echipamentul de lucru poate executa simultan cel putin \u015fapte misc\u0103ri. Din cauza condi\u0163iilor severe de teren, precum \u015fi a sarcinilor grele pe care trebuie s\u0103 le ridice, structura metalic\u0103 a ma\u015finii este semnificativ mai robust\u0103 dec\u00e2t a excavatorului. Pantele abrupte din p\u0103dure cer ca raportul efortului trac\u0163iune \u2013 greutate s\u0103 fie unu la unu sau mai mare. Dispozitivul de palpare este prev\u0103zut cu un fer\u0103strau circular cu tura\u0163ie mare.<\/p>\n

2.2. Sisteme hidraulice \u015fi componente de ac\u0163ionare<\/strong>
\nMa\u015finile pentru recoltarea arborilor \u00eentregi folosesc o gam\u0103 complet\u0103 de transmisii \u015fi sisteme de control Rexroth. Sistemele de control ce echipeaz\u0103 aceste ma\u015fini sunt de la simple regl\u0103ri de putere, la regl\u0103ri cu microprocesoare.
\nPompele A11VO, A10VO, cu controlul puterii (fig. 3 \u015fi 4), Load-Sensing \u015fi Cross-Sensing, echipeaz\u0103 ma\u015finile de dobor\u00e2t \u015fi \u00eenc\u0103rc\u0103toarele de bu\u015fteni. \"FIG.3\"<\/a> \"FIG.4\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Ac\u0163ionarea deplas\u0103rii este alimentat\u0103 de o unitate GFT cu motor A6VE integrat. Troliile de corh\u0103nit sunt prev\u0103zute cu pompe A4VG, motor A6VM \u015fi unitate GFT. Conceptul LUDV este utilizat \u00eendeosebi la ma\u015finile de dobor\u00e2t, deoarece asigur\u0103 efectuarea simultan\u0103 a mai multor func\u0163ii. Supapele senzorului de sarcin\u0103 M4 deservesc controlul func\u0163iilor auxiliare \u015fi al cilindrului capului de palpare prev\u0103zut cu fer\u0103strau circular.<\/p>\n

3. Dispozitive de recoltare<\/strong>
\nDispozitivul de recoltare trebuie s\u0103 aib\u0103 o construc\u0163ie eficient\u0103 \u015fi fiabil\u0103, s\u0103 asigure for\u0163a \u015fi viteza de lucru necesar\u0103 realiz\u0103rii unei productivit\u0103\u0163i ridicate.
\n3.1. Dispozitivele (capetele) ma\u015finilor de dobor\u00e2t<\/strong>
\nCapul prev\u0103zut cu organ activ tip fer\u0103strau reprezint\u0103 echipamentul care \u00eendepline\u015fte func\u0163ia de t\u0103iere \u0219i prinde \u015fi stivuie\u015fte arborii pe sol. T\u0103ierea se realizeaz\u0103 cu fer\u0103str\u0103ul circular, ac\u0163ionat de un motor hidraulic, graiferul fiind ac\u0163ionat cu cilindri hidraulici.<\/p>\n

3.2. Blocul de comand\u0103 al sesizorului de sarcin\u0103<\/strong>
\nCu presiuni maxime de 350\/420 bari, blocul de comand\u0103 al sesizorului de sarcin\u0103 M4 (fig. 5) ofer\u0103 o solu\u0163ie eficient\u0103 pentru ac\u0163ion\u0103rile de mare presiune. \u00cen ceea ce prive\u015fte utilizarea motoarelor cu pistoane radiale tip MCR, acestea sunt potrivite pentru treptele de presiune p\u00e2n\u0103 la 420 bari. Blocul M4 asigur\u0103 controlul func\u0163iilor capului de recoltare. \"FIG.5\"<\/a><\/p>\n

4. Solu\u0163ii de transport<\/strong>
\nTransportul arborilor dobor\u00e2\u0163i se face cu troliile de corh\u0103nit. Deplas\u00e2ndu-se printre arborii p\u0103durii, ma\u015fina dispune de o mare mobilitate, fiind prev\u0103zut\u0103 cu un num\u0103r de 4 p\u00e2n\u0103 la 8 ro\u021bi.<\/p>\n

4.1. \u00cenc\u0103rc\u0103toarele de bu\u015fteni<\/strong>
\nPentru manevrarea arborilor dobor\u00e2\u0163i se folosesc \u00eenc\u0103rc\u0103toare sau automacarale prev\u0103zute cu echipament de graifer ac\u0163ionat hidraulic.
\n4.2. Sisteme de ac\u0163ionare<\/strong>
\nPentru realizarea func\u0163iilor de manevrabilitate, cu rapiditate \u015fi capacitate mare de \u00eenc\u0103rcare, se folosesc sisteme Rexroth, blocuri de comand\u0103 SX (fig. 6 \u015fi 7) LUDV, care asigur\u0103 efectuarea mai multor mi\u015fc\u0103ri simultan sau independent.
\n\"FIG.6\"<\/a> \"FIG.7\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Ast\u0103zi, ma\u015finile forestiere, \u00een marea lor majoritate, sunt concepute cu comand\u0103 electrohidraulic\u0103. Datorit\u0103 multiplelor func\u0163ii ale procesului de lucru, ma\u015finile forestiere trebuie s\u0103 respecte riguros cerin\u0163ele unui set de standarde cu privire la putere \u015fi confort.
\nCu ajutorul joystick-urilor (fig. 8) \u00een corela\u0163ie cu modulele electronice, utiliz\u00e2nd magistrala CAN (Controller Area Network), operatorii ajusteaz\u0103 procesul de lucru programat, \u00een func\u0163ie de aplica\u0163ii. \"FIG.8\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Exemplu de ma\u015fini forestiere pentru diferite aplica\u0163ii<\/strong>: ma\u0219ini cu echipament de corh\u0103nit bu\u0219teni; cu echipament de t\u0103iat crengi; cu echipament de t\u0103iat \u0219i debitat bu\u0219teni; de cur\u0103\u021bat \u0219i debitat bu\u0219teni; cu echipament de manipulare \u0219i transport bu\u0219teni.<\/p>\n

Importan\u0163a \u015fi necesitatea exploat\u0103rii \u015fi \u00eentre\u0163inerii curente a ma\u0219inilor forestiere \u00een economia firmelor rezult\u0103 din utilizarea tehnologiilor performante de nivel tehnic ridicat, ce implic\u0103 m\u00e2n\u0103 de lucru calificat\u0103. Tehnologiile performante \u015fi ma\u0219inile forestire de nivel tehnic ridicat se asigur\u0103 prin profesionalism \u00een achizi\u0163ii \u015fi printr-o bun\u0103 exploatare \u015fi \u00eentre\u0163inere a sistemului de ma\u0219ini.
\nOperatorii ce deservesc ma\u0219inile forestiere trebuie instrui\u0163i adecvat pentru a dob\u00e2ndi \u00eendem\u00e2narea necesar\u0103 exploat\u0103rii corecte a ma\u0219inii \u00een frontul de lucru. Ei trebuie s\u0103 \u015ftie cum se lucreaz\u0103 cu ma\u0219inile \u0219i echipamentele de lucru specifice, trebuie s\u0103 fie capabili s\u0103-\u015fi \u00eensu\u015feasc\u0103 \u015fi s\u0103 \u00een\u0163eleag\u0103 instruc\u0163iunile de exploatare, folosirea \u015fi \u00eentre\u021binerea ma\u015finii.<\/p>\n

Buna exploatare \u015fi \u00eentre\u0163inere a ma\u0219inilor forestiere \u2013 decisive \u00een sporirea eficien\u0163ei acestora \u2013 este \u00een rela\u0163ie direct\u0103 cu priceperea de a le adapta condi\u0163iilor concrete de lucru, de a le \u00eentre\u0163ine, de a le repara. Men\u0163inerea ma\u0219inilor forestiere \u00een stare de func\u0163ionare, la parametri de performan\u0163\u0103, constituie o condi\u0163ie a realiz\u0103rii eficien\u0163ei firmei de\u021bin\u0103toare. Aceasta presupune desf\u0103\u0219urarea unei activit\u0103\u021bi constante de supraveghere a ma\u0219inilor forestiere destinate diferitelor lucr\u0103ri pentru a le men\u0163ine \u00een func\u0163iune la parametrii prestabili\u0163i. De aceea, pentru \u00eenl\u0103turarea neajunsurilor \u015fi asigurarea func\u0163ion\u0103rii ma\u0219inilor la parametrii func\u0163ionali corespunz\u0103tori se impune ca, \u00een perioada exploat\u0103rii, s\u0103 se aplice \u00een mod continuu \u015fi coerent un complex de m\u0103suri privind \u00eentre\u021binerea.<\/p>\n

Orientarea articolului spre partea func\u0163ional\u0103 a ma\u015finilor forestiere ofer\u0103 de\u0163in\u0103torilor de utilaje, celor care le \u00eentre\u0163in, indica\u0163ii pentru identificarea rapid\u0103 a eventualelor defec\u0163iuni, iar achizitorilor de ma\u0219ini forestiere, un ghid pentru realizarea unei analize complexe a diferitelor oferte.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00cen ultimele dou\u0103 decenii, suprafa\u0163a p\u0103durilor din \u0163ara noastr\u0103 s-a mic\u015forat apreciabil, at\u00e2t din cauza cerin\u0163elor economice, c\u00e2t \u0219i a defri\u015f\u0103rilor ilegale, care sunt cele mai vizibile. De asemenea, starea<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":342,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[119,29],"tags":[62,63,61,604],"class_list":["post-333","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-utilaje-forestiere","category-forestier","tag-actionare","tag-exploatare","tag-masini-forestiere","tag-utilaje-forestiere"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"en","enabled_languages":["ro","en"],"languages":{"ro":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"en":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"yoast_head":"\nUtilaje forestiere \u2013 Metode de ac\u021bionare. Exploatare. \u00centre\u021binere - M. 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