{"id":320,"date":"2014-05-02T12:52:43","date_gmt":"2014-05-02T10:52:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.mequipment.ro\/wordpress\/?p=320"},"modified":"2021-07-20T12:42:35","modified_gmt":"2021-07-20T10:42:35","slug":"hidraulica-de-actionare-a-stivuitoarelor-cu-furca","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mequipment.ro\/en\/hidraulica-de-actionare-a-stivuitoarelor-cu-furca\/","title":{"rendered":"Hidraulica de ac\u021bionare a stivuitoarelor cu furci"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ca urmare a ponderii ridicate a regimurilor tranzitorii \u015fi a perioadelor de sta\u0163ionare cu motorul \u00een func\u0163iune, utilizarea stivuitoarelor \u00een manipularea \u015fi transportul sarcinilor \u2013 paletizate \u015fi nepaletizate, \u00een spa\u0163ii deschise sau acoperite \u2013 conduce, de regul\u0103, la cele mai \u00eensemnate consumuri de combustibil \u015fi concentra\u0163ii de noxe \u00een gazele de evacuare. \u00cen consecin\u0163\u0103, constructorii de stivuitoare au acordat o aten\u0163ie sporit\u0103 comport\u0103rii ac\u0163ion\u0103rii \u00een astfel de situa\u0163ii.<\/em> | dr. ing. Ioan PETREA<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cen condi\u0163iile actuale de \u00een\u0103sprire a prevederilor legislative ce vizeaz\u0103 comportamentul eco-civic al firmelor, dar \u015fi exploat\u00e2nd realiz\u0103rile din domeniul hidraulicii \u015fi electronicii aplicate a fost posibil\u0103 apari\u0163ia noii genera\u0163ii de stivuitoare prev\u0103zute cu sisteme de ac\u0163ionare \u015fi control performante.<\/p>\n

Este evident c\u0103 “inteligen\u0163a” stivuitoarelor a cunoscut \u0219i va cunoa\u0219te permanent salturi spectaculoase prin \u00eenglobarea \u00een structura lor a c\u00e2t mai multor realiz\u0103ri tehnice pentru utilizarea eficient\u0103 a resurselor care s\u0103 asigure cerin\u0163ele majore impuse acestor produse, \u015fi anume: sustenabilitate, costuri c\u00e2t mai mici, randament ridicat, fiabilitate superioar\u0103 \u015fi comenzi simple. <\/p>\n

Stivuitoarele cu furc\u0103 fac parte din grupa echipamentelor de transportat \u015fi stivuit. Acestea sunt echipamente tehnologice de manipulat sarcini (\u00eenc\u0103rcare\/desc\u0103rcare, ridicare\/cobor\u00e2re, transport), care, \u00een calitate de mijloce de transport, ac\u0163ioneaz\u0103 rareori la viteze constante; ele sunt \u00een mod continuu accelerate, decelerate, supuse schimb\u0103rii sensului de deplasare, men\u0163inute pe loc sau mi\u015fcate cu viteze superlente cu men\u0163inerea constant\u0103 a tura\u0163iei motorului pentru manevrele de \u00eenc\u0103rcare-desc\u0103rcare.<\/p>\n

Clasificarea stivuitoarelor se poate face dup\u0103 mai multe criterii:<\/strong>
\n\u2022 Dup\u0103 tipul ac\u0163ion\u0103rii \u0219istemul de deplasare pot fi: cu ac\u0163ionare mecanic\u0103, hidromecanic\u0103, hidrostatic\u0103 sau electromecanic\u0103;
\n\u2022 Dup\u0103 modul de preluare a sarcinii pot fi: cu furc\u0103 frontal\u0103 sau cu furc\u0103 lateral\u0103;
\n\u2022 Dup\u0103 tipul sursei de energie utilizate pot fi: cu motor termic cu aprindere prin comprimare (Diesel); cu motor termic cu aprindere prin sc\u00e2nteie (Otto); cu GPL (gaz petrolier lichefiat) \u2013 motostivuitoare; cu surs\u0103 electric\u0103 \u2013 elctrostivuitoare;
\n\u2022 Dup\u0103 construc\u0163ia \u015fasiului pot fi: stivuitoare cu \u015fasiu monobloc \u015fi stivuitoare cu \u015fasiu articulat;
\n\u2022 Dup\u0103 tipul echipamentului de lucru pot fi: cu bra\u0163 fix, cu bra\u0163 reglabil, cu bra\u0163 telescopic;
\n\u2022 Dup\u0103 natura suprafe\u0163ei pe care se deplaseaz\u0103 pot fi: stivuitoare pentru terenuri amenajate, stivuitoare pentru terenuri neamenajate \u015fi stivuitoare omniteren;
\n\u2022 Dup\u0103 tipul ac\u0163ion\u0103rii echipamentului de lucru pot fi: cu ac\u0163ionare mecanic\u0103, hidrostatic\u0103 sau electromecanic\u0103;
\n\u2022 Dup\u0103 tipul anvelopelor \u0219i al sistemului de rulare pot fi: cu anvelope pneumatice sau cu anvelope pline (cu patru ro\u0163i, cu trei ro\u0163i, simple sau duble);
\n\u2022 Dup\u0103 num\u0103rul echipamentelor de lucru ata\u015fabile la ma\u015fina de baz\u0103 pot fi: stivuitoare \u2013standard \u2013 cu un singur echipament de lucru (furc\u0103 frontal\u0103 sau lateral\u0103); cu un num\u0103r redus de echipamente. <\/p>\n

Firmele produc\u0103toare de top (Caterpillar, Komatsu, Nissan, Manitou etc.) \u00ee\u015fi p\u0103streaz\u0103 seriozitatea cu consecven\u0163\u0103 \u00een fabricarea unor asemenea produse, succesul evident al acestora st\u00e2rnind un interes deosebit prin metodele \u015fi conceptele abordate, unde un rol fundamental \u00eel are managementul cercet\u0103rii \u015fi dezvolt\u0103rii.<\/p>\n

Articolul de fa\u0163\u0103 se ocup\u0103, pe scurt, de ac\u0163ionarea hidraulic\u0103 a stivuitoarelor cu furc\u0103. Motivul abord\u0103rii acestui subiect \u00eel constituie faptul c\u0103 ac\u0163ionarea hidraulic\u0103 a stivuitoarelor reprezint\u0103 un element major al produsului, at\u00e2t prin influen\u0163area performan\u0163elor, c\u00e2t \u015fi prin participarea cu un procent semnificativ la costul total al produsului, v\u0103dit reflectat \u00een pre\u0163ul de achizi\u0163ie. \u00cen aceste condi\u0163ii, asimilarea de c\u0103tre speciali\u015ftii din exploatare \u015fi \u00eentre\u0163inere a noilor solu\u0163ii tehnice folosite \u00een ac\u0163ionarea hidraulic\u0103 a stivuitoarelor cu furc\u0103 duce la perfec\u0163ionarea profilului lor profesional.<\/p>\n

Ac\u021bionarea hidraulic\u0103 a stivuitoarelor de genera\u0163ie nou\u0103 ofer\u0103 avantaje <\/strong>deosebite, at\u00e2t pentru sistemul de deplasare \u015fi direc\u0163ie, c\u00e2t \u015fi pentru echipamentul de lucru, cum ar fi:
\n\u2022 for\u0163\u0103 de trac\u0163iune maxim\u0103 la tura\u0163ii joase ale motorului termic;
\n\u2022 reglarea sarcinii limit\u0103 a motorului diesel;
\n\u2022 manevrarea sensibil\u0103, chiar \u015fi la tura\u0163ii ridicate ale motorului diesel, prin “inching”;
\n\u2022 independen\u0163\u0103 constructiv\u0103 a dispunerii componentelor hidraulice \u00een \u015fasiu;
\n\u2022 confort \u00een transport, asem\u0103n\u0103tor autoturismelor cu schimb\u0103tor de viteze automat;
\n\u2022 schimbarea direc\u0163iei de mers prin shimbarea sensului de rota\u0163ie a pompei hidraulice;
\n\u2022 uzura redus\u0103 a fr\u00e2nelor, datorit\u0103 fr\u00e2n\u0103rii hidrostatice \u00een circuit \u00eenchis;
\n\u2022 distribu\u0163ia optim\u0103 a puterii hidraulice \u00eentre sistemul de deplasare \u015fi instala\u0163ia hidraulic\u0103 a echipamentului de lucru;
\n\u2022 folosirea integral\u0103 a puterii chiar \u015fi \u00een domeniul inferior de tura\u0163ie.<\/p>\n

Avantajele sistemului hidraulic<\/strong> (fig. 1) constau \u00een controlul larg al ac\u0163ion\u0103rii, datorit\u0103 componentelor pomp\u0103-motor cu cilindree variabil\u0103. \"fig.1\"<\/a>
\n\u00cen fig. 2 este redat\u0103 alc\u0103tuirea general\u0103 a stivuitorului cu furc\u0103.
\n\"fig.2\"<\/a>
\nPompa reglabil\u0103 cu pistoane axiale tip A4VG…DAD asigur\u0103: preselec\u0163ia direc\u0163iei de mers, preselec\u0163ia vitezei \u00een func\u0163ie de tura\u0163ie, reglarea sarcinii limit\u0103, func\u0163ia inching integrat\u0103, presiune cutt-off.
\nMotorul rotativ hidraulic este de tip A6VM…DA, cu reglaj hidraulic dependent de tura\u0163ie \u015fi asigur\u0103 preselec\u0163ia vitezei \u00een func\u0163ie de tura\u0163ie.
\nLa ac\u0163ionarea pedalei, \u00een afar\u0103 de declan\u015farea fr\u00e2nei de exploatare \u015fi de reducere a unghiului de basculare a pompei, supapa hidraulic\u0103 inching are drept consecin\u0163e: \u00eencetinirea deplas\u0103rii utilajului, respectiv fr\u00e2nare sigur\u0103, manevrare sensibil\u0103, menajarea fr\u00e2nei de exploatare.
\nPrin ac\u0163ionarea supapei inching rotativ\u0103 se reduce propor\u0163ional presiunea de comand\u0103 a pompei, pompa fiind basculat\u0103 \u00eenapoi cu Vgmin= 0.
\n\u00cen fig. 3 este reprezentat\u0103 comanda electronic\u0103 a stivuitorului cu furc\u0103, ce se caracterizeaz\u0103 prin:
\n\"fig.3\"<\/a>
\n\u2022 viteza de deplasare \u00een func\u0163ie de tura\u0163ia motorului diesel;
\n\u2022 utilizarea caracteristicii DA reglabil\u0103;
\n\u2022 reglarea sarcinii limit\u0103;
\n\u2022 preselec\u0163ia vitezei de deplasare, independent de tura\u0163ia motorului diesel;
\n\u2022 reglarea tura\u0163iei motorului diesel, \u00een func\u0163ie de cerin\u0163\u0103, independent de necesarul de putere la echipamentul de lucru;
\n\u2022 motor rotativ hidraulic amplasat \u00een strategia de reglare;
\n\u2022 op\u0163ional, cu comand\u0103 integral\u0103 a fr\u00e2nelor;
\n\u2022 Constant Speed Drive (CSD) la m\u0103rirea tura\u0163iei motorului, prin ac\u0163ionarea echipamentului de lucru;
\n\u2022 posibilitatea utiliz\u0103rii aparatului de control BB-3, prin interfa\u0163\u0103 RS232 pentru diferi\u0163i parametri de accelerare \u015fi \u00eencetinire, reglabili din exterior.<\/p>\n

\u00cen fig. 4 este prezentat\u0103 schema de principiu a ac\u0163ion\u0103rii hidraulice a echipamentului de lucru cu circuit \u00een bucl\u0103 deschis\u0103, av\u00e2nd combina\u0163ia de pompe A4VG+G3.
\n\"fig.4\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Filtrarea \u2013 Recomand\u0103ri pentru siguran\u0163a \u00een func\u0163ionare a unit\u0103\u0163ilor cu pistoane axiale<\/strong>.
\nPentru ca stivuitorul cu furc\u0103 \u2013 ac\u021bionat hidrostatic \u2013 s\u0103 poat\u0103 fi folosit \u00een permanen\u0163\u0103 \u015fi pentru a ob\u0163ine o durat\u0103 de via\u0163\u0103 lung\u0103, lucr\u0103rile de \u00eentre\u0163inere \u015fi verificare trebuie executate cu aten\u0163ie \u015fi regularitate.
\n\u00centre\u0163inerea instala\u0163iei hidraulice se rezum\u0103, \u00een primul r\u00e2nd, la uleiul hidraulic \u015fi filtru.<\/p>\n

Filtrele sunt elemente importante ale sistemelor hidrostatice de ac\u0163ionare, fiind amplasate \u00een circuitul de ulei astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t s\u0103 protejeze elementele sensibile la impurificare ale sistemului hidraulic. Una dintre caracteristicile esen\u0163iale ale controlului impurific\u0103rii unui sistem hidraulic const\u0103 \u00een posibilitatea de acces rapid \u0219i u\u0219or \u00een activit\u0103\u021bi de \u00eentre\u0163inere a filtrelor.<\/p>\n

Filtrele sunt realizate at\u00e2t pentru circuitele de \u00eenalt\u0103 presiune, c\u00e2t \u015fi pentru cele de presiune joas\u0103.
\nPentru asigurarea unei bune func\u0163ion\u0103ri a unit\u0103\u0163ilor cu pistoane axiale se recomand\u0103 pentru uleiul hidraulic clasa de puritate:
\n\u2022 9 dup\u0103 NAS1638;
\n\u2022 6 dup\u0103 SAE;
\n\u2022 18\/15 dup\u0103 ISO\/DIS 4406.<\/p>\n

\u00cen func\u0163ie de utilizare, produc\u0103torul de componente hidraulice recomand\u0103 pentru pompele A4VG\/A10VG, elemente de filtru cu valoarea fine\u0163ii \u03b220… \u03b230 \u2265100. Odat\u0103 cu cre\u015fterea presiunii diferen\u0163iale la filtru nu este permis\u0103 \u00eenr\u0103ut\u0103\u0163irea valorii \u03b2.
\nLa temperaturi foarte mari ale uleiului hidraulic (90 0C p\u00e2n\u0103 la maximum 115 0C), este necesar\u0103 clasa de puritate:
\n\u2022 8 dup\u0103 NAS1638;
\n\u2022 5 dup\u0103 SAE;
\n\u2022 17\/14 dup\u0103 ISO\/D1S 4406.
\nCu c\u00e2t este mai fin\u0103 filtrarea, cu at\u00e2t este mai bun\u0103 clasa de puritate a uleiului hidraulic, iar durata de exploatare a unit\u0103\u0163ilor cu pistoane axiale cre\u015fte.
\nFiltrul se utilizeaz\u0103 far\u0103 by pass, prev\u0103zut cu indicator de murd\u0103rire. Filtrarea se face \u00een varianta standard (prin aspira\u0163ie) sau \u00een varianta prin refulare. <\/p>\n

Cu ajutorul supapei integrate de scurtcircuitare a filtrului, la filtrarea prin refulare se pot ob\u0163ine condi\u0163ii optime de pornire la temperaturi sc\u0103zute. Pentru lihidele de presiune se utilizeaz\u0103 urm\u0103toarele criterii:
\na) Viscozitatea de exploatare:
\n\u2022 raportat\u0103 la temperatura de recirculare (bucl\u0103 \u00eenchis\u0103), respectiv la temperatura de alimentare (bucl\u0103 deschis\u0103);
\n\u2022 pentru timp scurt la temperatura maxim\u0103 admis\u0103
\n\u2022 pentru timp scurt, pornire la rece, temperatura minim\u0103 admis\u0103 <\/p>\n

b) Lichidele de presiune. Cuantificarea acestora rezult\u0103 din comportarea lor la uzur\u0103, viscozitate \u015fi temperatur\u0103, av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere protec\u0163ia \u00eenpotriva oxid\u0103rii, coroziunii, compatibilit\u0103\u0163ii materialelor etc. \u00cen practic\u0103 , acestea sunt cunoscute drept lichide HF, \u00eemp\u0103r\u0163ite astfel:
\n\u2022 HFA \u2013 emulsie de ulei \u00een ap\u0103 (95..98% ap\u0103);
\n\u2022 HFB \u2013 emulsie de ap\u0103 \u00een ulei (ap\u0103 > 40%);
\n\u2022 HFC \u2013 solu\u0163ii apoase (35…55% ap\u0103);
\n\u2022 HFD \u2013 lichid f\u0103r\u0103 ap\u0103 (ap\u0103 \u2264 0,1%).<\/p>\n

c) Lichide de presiune preten\u021bioase mediului \u00eenconjur\u0103tor. Acestea sunt \u00eenp\u0103r\u0163ite \u00een trei grupe, \u015fi anume:
\n\u2022 HETG \u2013 lichide hidraulice bazice de ulei vegetal;
\n\u2022 HEPG \u2013 lichide hidraulice sintetice pe baz\u0103 de poliglicol;
\n\u2022 HEE \u2013 lichide hidraulice sintetice pe baz\u0103 de esteri.<\/p>\n

Alegerea tipului de stivuitor \u015fi a variantei de ac\u0163ionare este \u015fi r\u0103m\u00e2ne un drept al utilizatorului, bazat pe experien\u0163a sa; \u00eens\u0103 alegerea corect\u0103 este legat\u0103 de condi\u0163iile reale de exploatare, de performan\u0163ele ac\u0163ion\u0103rilor \u015fi, nu \u00een ultimul r\u00e2nd, de pre\u0163ul de cost.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ca urmare a ponderii ridicate a regimurilor tranzitorii \u015fi a perioadelor de sta\u0163ionare cu motorul \u00een func\u0163iune, utilizarea stivuitoarelor \u00een manipularea \u015fi transportul sarcinilor \u2013 paletizate \u015fi nepaletizate, \u00een spa\u0163ii<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":329,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[32,9001,38],"tags":[57,56],"class_list":["post-320","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-utilaje-de-constructii","category-logistica-transport-stivuire","category-stiri-utilaje-de-constructii-miniere-si-forestiere","tag-hidraulica","tag-stivuitoare-cu-furci"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"en","enabled_languages":["ro","en"],"languages":{"ro":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"en":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"yoast_head":"\nHidraulica de ac\u021bionare a stivuitoarelor cu furci - M. 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